[TL;DR]

• Blockchain service models (BaaS, StaaS, RaaS, WaaS) simplify technical complexity and improve accessibility, accelerating the mass adoption of blockchain technology.
• Each model addresses a key area of the blockchain ecosystem (infrastructure, network participation, scalability, user interface) and creates real business value.
• The key challenge in successful blockchain service models lies in balancing ease of use with the core value of decentralization.
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1. Emergence of Cloud and Blockchain Service Models

1.1. The Essence of SaaS and How Blockchain Services Differ

The Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model was not merely a shift in how software is delivered—it was a transformational model that fundamentally reshaped the economic structure of the IT industry. The transition from capital expenditures (CapEx) to operating expenditures (OpEx) changed corporate financial structures, and by offloading the technical burden onto service providers, businesses gained flexibility and responsiveness.

Blockchain service models are an extension of this economic innovation. However, a fundamental difference lies in the "economics of trust." While traditional SaaS emphasizes efficiency and accessibility, blockchain services derive their core value from reducing transaction costs and eliminating intermediaries through decentralized trust. This is not just a technological service but a restructuring of the economic system itself.

In traditional SaaS, the relationship between service providers and users follows a clear supplier-consumer structure. In contrast, the boundaries become blurred in blockchain service models. Through token economies, users evolve into ecosystem participants and stakeholders, opening the door for direct participation in service governance. This signifies the rise of a participatory economic structure fundamentally different from the subscription-based model of traditional SaaS.

Moreover, while SaaS primarily focuses on improving internal business processes, blockchain services show greater potential in redefining inter-organizational transactions and collaboration. Smart contracts enable automated execution of agreements, drastically reducing transaction costs between businesses and facilitating the formation of new business networks.
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1.2. The Paradox and Challenges of Blockchain Services

Blockchain service models face a fundamental paradox: the core value of decentralization and disintermediation inherent in blockchain inherently clashes with the concept of “service” itself. Service providers inevitably acquire new forms of centralized authority, creating a tension with the philosophical foundations of blockchain.

This paradox results in what may be called "managed decentralization." Service providers must find a balance between offering user convenience and preserving the decentralization that lies at the heart of blockchain. In reality, many blockchain services still lean toward centralized models, unable to strike this balance effectively.

This tension becomes even more complex in the context of regulatory compliance. Blockchain service providers must navigate legal obligations such as KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance, while also honoring blockchain’s philosophical commitment to user privacy. To meet regulatory demands, many providers introduce centralized control mechanisms, which undermine blockchain’s intrinsic resistance to censorship, creating a serious dilemma.
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1.3. Abstracting Technical Complexity—At What Cost?

The core value proposition of blockchain service models lies in abstracting technical complexity. However, this abstraction inevitably comes at the cost of transparency and user autonomy. Users give up direct control over the underlying blockchain mechanisms, which conflicts with blockchain’s essential principle of self-sovereignty.

This issue is particularly evident in Wallet-as-a-Service (WaaS). Balancing security with user control remains a key challenge. The crypto community’s mantra, “Not your keys, not your coins,” reflects a deep-rooted wariness toward centralized services. In traditional custodial WaaS, service providers manage users’ private keys, requiring users to surrender part of their sovereign control.

To address this dilemma, WaaS solutions such as the Wepin Wallet are exploring alternative approaches. Non-custodial models allow users to maintain full control over their private keys while offering a user-friendly interface. Techniques such as multi-signature (multi-sig), MPC (Multi-Party Computation), and TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) are being actively developed to strike the best balance between security, usability, and autonomy.

Service models also impact another core value of blockchain—transparency and verifiability. While service providers offer interfaces to interact with the blockchain ledger, they also gain the ability to filter or reformat data, introducing a new layer of mediation. Even though the immutability of the blockchain remains intact, a new intermediary emerges in how users access and interpret the data. A truly decentralized service must resolve this issue of data accessibility.
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1.4. Market Trends and Strategic Positioning of Blockchain Service Models

The blockchain service market is diverging into two distinct approaches. One focuses on enterprise-grade BaaS, which emphasizes compatibility with traditional IT infrastructure and operational stability. The other is driven by blockchain-native companies that prioritize decentralization while improving user experience.

Currently, the enterprise BaaS market is evolving around platforms like Hyperledger and Corda, while blockchain-native services like StaaS, RaaS, and WaaS are pursuing more innovative approaches. This differentiation offers a valuable glimpse into the future evolution of the blockchain service ecosystem.

A particularly notable trend is the integration of Layer 2 solutions into service models. Services like RaaS (Rollup-as-a-Service) aim to package scalability solutions, overcoming blockchain’s technical limitations while improving accessibility. This represents a critical turning point in blockchain’s transition from technical experimentation to practical utility.

In the next section, we’ll explore the representative blockchain service models—BaaS, StaaS, RaaS, and WaaS—delving into their mechanisms, market trends, and strategic implications.
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2. Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS)

2.1. Concept and Working Principles of BaaS

Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) is a cloud-based service that enables businesses and developers to utilize blockchain technology without the need to build or maintain their own blockchain infrastructure. Just like cloud services abstract the complexity of server infrastructure, BaaS abstracts the technical challenges of blockchain, allowing users to focus on core business logic.

The core value of BaaS lies in “lowering the barrier to entry.” Tasks such as blockchain node deployment, network maintenance, consensus algorithm implementation, and security management are handled by the service provider. This allows companies—especially small and medium-sized enterprises or startups lacking blockchain expertise—to adopt and experiment with blockchain technology more easily.

The BaaS architecture typically consists of three main layers: infrastructure, development environment, and management tools.

• The infrastructure layer handles blockchain node operation, network connectivity, and data storage.
• The development environment provides tools and APIs for building, testing, and deploying smart contracts.
• The management layer offers monitoring, logging, security management, and governance tools.

BaaS providers may offer access to public blockchains, or support the creation of private or consortium blockchain networks. Users can choose the type and configuration of blockchain that suits their needs and manage it through a provided management console or APIs.
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2.2. Business Value and Use Cases of BaaS

The business value of BaaS can be summarized into three key aspects:
cost efficiency, reduced time to market, and scalability with flexibility.

From a cost-efficiency perspective, BaaS significantly reduces financial burden. Companies can avoid upfront infrastructure investments and the cost of hiring specialized personnel. Studies show that companies using BaaS have been able to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of blockchain projects by an average of 30–50%. Usage-based pricing models also enhance predictability and make budget management easier.

In terms of time-to-market, BaaS shortens development cycles dramatically. Building a blockchain infrastructure from scratch can take 10–12 months or more, whereas BaaS allows the deployment of blockchain applications within weeks or months, offering a crucial competitive edge in fast-moving markets.

In terms of scalability and flexibility, BaaS enables dynamic resource allocation. Systems can scale automatically based on traffic or usage fluctuations, which is ideal for early-stage projects with unpredictable growth patterns.

Looking ahead, BaaS is expected to accelerate innovation across multiple industries.

• In supply chain management, end-to-end transparency will become standard—from production to the end consumer.
• In financial services, BaaS will be widely applied to cross-border payments, trade finance, and asset tokenization.
• In healthcare, BaaS could be used for managing patient data, monitoring pharmaceutical supply chains, and verifying clinical trial data.

Overall, BaaS is a key driver of blockchain adoption, particularly in enterprise environments, where it plays a vital role in overcoming adoption barriers and unlocking real-world business value.
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2.3. Limitations and Challenges of BaaS

Despite its advantages, BaaS comes with several significant limitations and challenges.

First, there's an inherent tension between centralization and decentralization. Relying on BaaS providers inevitably introduces a new form of centralization. This increases the risk of vendor lock-in, where businesses are dependent on the provider. If the provider changes service terms or discontinues support, companies may face serious operational setbacks. In fact, there have been real-world cases where cloud service providers abruptly shut down their blockchain services, highlighting this risk.

Regulatory uncertainty is another major challenge. Blockchain regulations vary significantly across countries and are evolving rapidly. Especially for BaaS applications in financial services or personal data management, navigating complex legal landscapes is crucial. Both providers and users must prepare strategies to manage this uncertainty.

Performance and scalability issues are also non-trivial. BaaS based on public blockchains inherits the limitations of those underlying networks. Ethereum, for example, suffers from high transaction fees and limited throughput—challenges that are not fully resolved through BaaS alone.

Security and privacy concerns are critical as well. Key management in a BaaS environment can be a vulnerability if the service provider has access to private keys. In addition, balancing KYC/AML compliance with blockchain’s native anonymity remains a delicate issue.

Finally, interoperability among blockchain networks is still lacking. Many blockchains are siloed, and this limitation persists even in BaaS environments. For businesses operating across multiple networks, lack of interoperability can be a significant barrier.

To address these challenges, the industry is exploring various solutions such as cross-chain protocols, oracle services, and Layer 2 scalability solutions—all aimed at pushing the boundaries of what BaaS can offer.
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3. Staking-as-a-Service (StaaS)

3.1. Understanding Staking and the Emergence of StaaS

Staking refers to the process in which users deposit their cryptocurrency into a proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain network to participate in block validation and earn rewards in return. Unlike proof-of-work mining, this mechanism is energy-efficient and allows more users to contribute to the network’s operation.

As the PoS model has become increasingly mainstream, many blockchain networks now adopt this consensus mechanism. Major blockchain mainnets today operate on proof-of-stake, and the size of the staking market is expected to exceed hundreds of billions of dollars in value.

However, participating in staking directly involves significant technical barriers. Operating a validator node requires maintaining 24/7 servers, managing network security, performing software updates, and having deep technical expertise. In addition, many networks impose a high minimum staking amount, making it inaccessible for smaller investors.

This is the context in which Staking-as-a-Service (StaaS) emerged. StaaS allows users to participate in staking and earn rewards without operating a validator node themselves. The service provider manages the technical complexities, while users simply deposit their cryptocurrency and receive a portion of the rewards.
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3.2. Key Features and Business Model of StaaS Platforms

StaaS platforms vary in form but share several common features:

A user-friendly interface is the core value proposition of StaaS. By simplifying the staking process, users can stake assets with just a few clicks. Platforms also provide intuitive displays of staking status, expected rewards, unbonding periods, and other key information.

Multi-chain support is another major feature. Most StaaS platforms support multiple PoS networks such as Ethereum, Polkadot, and Cosmos. This enables users to implement a diversified asset allocation strategy with ease.

Automated reward distribution systems further improve efficiency. Once staking rewards are generated, they are automatically distributed to user accounts. Some services also offer auto-restaking options for compounding returns.

StaaS business models are typically fee-based. Providers take a percentage of staking rewards (usually 5–20%) as service fees. These fees cover validator operations, security management, and software development. Some platforms also introduce token economies to create additional revenue streams. They may issue their own tokens, which offer benefits like governance participation, fee discounts, and bonus rewards.

Customized services for institutional investors are also a key area of business. For clients with large holdings, platforms offer premium features such as customized security solutions, tax reporting tools, and API integrations—and charge higher service fees accordingly.
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3.3. StaaS Revenue Mechanism and Associated Risks

The basic revenue principle of StaaS is earning rewards in return for network participation. The user’s staked crypto assets are used in block creation and validation, for which the network rewards users with additional tokens.

Staking yields (APY) vary by blockchain and fluctuate over time. Yields typically range between 5–15% annually, though early-stage networks may offer higher returns. Yield is influenced by factors such as staking participation rate, inflation rate, and network activity.

However, StaaS investments come with several risks. The most basic is market volatility. A steep drop in token prices can offset the value of staking rewards. For example, a 10% annual return may be wiped out if the underlying asset drops 30% in value.

Liquidity constraints are another key issue. Most PoS networks enforce an unbonding period during which staked assets cannot be withdrawn. This period can range from days to weeks depending on the network, leaving users unable to react to market movements.

Service provider risk is also present. If a StaaS platform is hacked or poorly managed, user assets may be at risk. Furthermore, if the provider does not offer slashing protection, operational errors by the validator could result in penalties that affect users directly.

Regulatory uncertainty is another critical risk. Many countries lack clear guidance on how staking rewards are taxed, and future regulatory changes could affect the profitability of StaaS services.

To mitigate these risks, users are advised to diversify their assets across multiple blockchains and providers, carefully review the security practices and reputation of service providers, and formulate staking strategies that align with liquidity needs.
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3.4. Market Trends and Future Outlook for StaaS

The StaaS market has seen explosive growth in recent years. As of 2022, the total staking market size exceeded $100 billion, a significant portion of which is managed via StaaS platforms.

Key drivers of this growth include Ethereum’s transition to proof-of-stake, increased participation by institutional investors in the crypto space, and the expansion of the DeFi ecosystem. Ethereum’s PoS shift, in particular, had a massive impact, as its technical complexity and high minimum staking threshold pushed many ETH holders to rely on StaaS providers.

Several notable trends are emerging in the market:

• The rise of liquid staking solutions stands out. To overcome the liquidity constraints of traditional staking, services now issue liquid tokens (e.g., stETH, rETH) representing staked assets, allowing users to earn staking rewards while maintaining liquidity.
• Integration with DeFi protocols is another major trend. StaaS platforms are offering additional value by allowing staked assets to be used as collateral for loans, or by enabling yield farming using liquid staking tokens.
• Expansion of services for institutional investors is also gaining momentum. As pension funds, university endowments, and family offices begin allocating capital to crypto, StaaS providers are developing institutional-grade solutions that include compliance tools, tax reporting, and customizable security infrastructure.

Of course, the StaaS market also faces challenges and opportunities ahead.

• As competition increases, fee compression is likely. More players entering the market will lead to reduced service fees and intensified competition over value-added features.
• Clearer regulatory frameworks are also on the horizon. As governments and regulators define legal structures for staking, StaaS providers will need to adapt to meet compliance requirements. While this may pose short-term challenges, it will likely contribute to market maturity and stability in the long term.

In summary, StaaS is expected to become a core infrastructure service in the blockchain ecosystem. As staking evolves beyond a passive income tool and becomes a mechanism for network security and governance, the role and significance of StaaS will continue to grow.
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4. Rollup-as-a-Service (RaaS)

4.1. The Basics and Necessity of Rollup Technology

Rollups are solutions developed to address the scalability limitations of blockchains. They aim to resolve the blockchain trilemma—scalability, security, and decentralization—by enhancing scalability without sacrificing mainnet security. Rollups bundle multiple transactions off-chain and then record the final outcome on the main chain.

As blockchain adoption has grown, network congestion has become a serious issue. On Ethereum, in particular, high gas fees and limited throughput have significantly degraded the user experience. With Ethereum’s mainnet processing only 15–30 transactions per second, a fundamental scalability solution is needed to accommodate thousands of dApps and millions of users.

Rollup technology has emerged as an effective answer to this challenge. There are two primary types:

• Optimistic Rollups, which assume all transactions are valid unless proven otherwise.
• Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK Rollups), which use cryptographic proofs to verify transaction validity.

Both types reduce the burden on the main chain while preserving security, but they also come with complex implementation requirements and high initial setup costs. These challenges gave rise to the Rollup-as-a-Service (RaaS) model, which provides rollup infrastructure as a managed service.
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4.2. Diverse Rollup Solutions and the Emergence of RaaS

There are now many different rollup solutions across the blockchain ecosystem. Both the optimistic and ZK rollup camps have numerous projects in active development. Each solution has its own technology stack and trade-offs, and may be better suited for specific use cases or applications.

However, building and maintaining a custom rollup chain requires significant technical expertise and resources. Developers or companies need to implement consensus mechanisms, bridges, perform security audits, and manage nodes. Ongoing maintenance and upgrades are also essential.

This is where the RaaS model comes in. RaaS enables companies and developers to leverage rollup scalability without managing the underlying complexity. RaaS providers build and operate the infrastructure, and customers pay based on usage.

Typical RaaS platforms offer:

• Customizable rollup chain deployment
• Management dashboards
• Monitoring tools
• Bridge configuration
• Security audits and upgrades

Some platforms specialize in certain types of rollups, while others support multiple rollup architectures.
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4.3. RaaS and Its Impact on Blockchain Scalability

The RaaS model significantly contributes to solving blockchain scalability challenges in several ways:

• Performance improvements:
  RaaS can greatly increase transaction throughput and speed for blockchain applications. Rollups can handle thousands of transactions per second, expanding mainnet capacity by over 100x. Transaction finality times are also reduced to just a few seconds, vastly improving user experience.
• Cost efficiency:
  Rollups reduce transaction fees by over 90% compared to mainnet transactions. This makes micro-transactions, gaming, and NFT minting—apps highly sensitive to fees—feasible at scale.
• Enhanced developer experience:
  RaaS platforms allow developers to focus on core application logic and UX instead of solving infrastructure challenges. This accelerates innovation and time-to-market for blockchain services.
• Ecosystem diversification:
  RaaS supports the emergence of specialized rollup chains, optimized for specific industries or use cases. For example, rollups designed for gaming or DeFi offer tailored environments and performance characteristics.

Despite these benefits, RaaS faces several challenges:

• Interoperability between rollup chains is still limited.
• Liquidity fragmentation may occur as user assets are scattered across multiple rollups.
• Some RaaS models incorporate centralized components, prompting debate over the degree of decentralization they truly offer.
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4.4. RaaS Business Models and Market Outlook

RaaS platforms employ various business models:

• Subscription-based models are the most basic.
  Companies pay a monthly or annual fee for access to rollup infrastructure and services. Subscription tiers determine features such as transaction limits, support levels, and add-ons.
• Transaction-based billing is also popular.
  Fees are charged based on the number of transactions or data processed on the rollup. This “pay-as-you-go” model, similar to cloud computing, is ideal for projects with unpredictable usage patterns.
• Token economy models are emerging as well.
  Some RaaS providers issue their own tokens, which can be used for paying fees, participating in governance, or staking. This aligns the interests of service providers and users.
• Revenue-sharing models are gaining attention.
  In this structure, RaaS providers receive a portion of the transaction fees generated by the rollup chain. This reduces upfront costs for clients while allowing providers to benefit from successful projects.

The RaaS market is expected to grow rapidly over the next few years. As blockchain adoption increases, the demand for scalable infrastructure will surge, and rollups are currently regarded as the most practical solution. Enterprise adoption is expected to drive much of this growth, as businesses seek custom rollups that meet requirements for privacy, compliance, and performance.

As more providers enter the RaaS space, differentiation and value-added services will become key competitive factors. Standardization efforts across rollup implementations are also underway, which will improve interoperability and user experience over time.
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5. Wallet-as-a-Service (WaaS)

5.1. Digital Asset Management and the Role of WaaS

Digital asset wallets serve as both the entry point and the core interface for users in the blockchain ecosystem. Beyond merely storing cryptocurrencies, wallets perform multiple functions including digital asset management, transaction execution, dApp interaction, and identity verification.

In traditional wallet models, users were responsible for managing their own private keys. While this aligns with the principle of self-sovereignty, it also posed major usability challenges. Risks such as lost private keys, phishing attacks, complex addresses, and irreversible transaction errors have long been significant barriers to mainstream adoption of blockchain technology.

Wallet-as-a-Service (WaaS) emerged to address these issues. WaaS provides APIs and infrastructure that allow businesses and developers to easily integrate wallet functionality into their own applications. This enables users to manage digital assets and interact with blockchain networks without needing to understand the underlying technical complexities.

The core value of WaaS is enhancing accessibility. By allowing ordinary users to manage digital assets securely without needing cryptographic or blockchain knowledge, WaaS accelerates mass adoption. At the same time, developers can abstract away blockchain integration and focus on their core business logic.
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5.2. Business Benefits of Adopting WaaS

Businesses can derive multiple benefits from integrating WaaS:

• Saving development time and resources is a major advantage.
  Building an in-house wallet solution requires in-depth knowledge of blockchain protocols, cryptography, and security. It also involves lengthy development and testing cycles. WaaS allows companies to offload that complexity to a specialized provider, reducing development time from months to weeks.
• Reducing security risks is another key benefit.
  Digital asset management demands extremely high levels of security. WaaS providers possess specialized expertise and infrastructure for security, conducting continuous audits and updates to defend against emerging threats. This greatly reduces the security burden for companies.
• Multi-chain support is also a crucial strength.
  With the blockchain landscape fragmented across networks like Ethereum, Solana, and Polygon—each with different protocols—WaaS providers offer unified interfaces for interacting with multiple chains. This allows companies to expand across ecosystems with ease.
• Regulatory compliance support is particularly valuable for financial services.
  Many WaaS providers include features that meet KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) requirements. This simplifies regulatory compliance and reduces the cost and complexity of managing compliance internally.

Ultimately, improving user experience directly impacts business performance. A seamless wallet experience increases user engagement and retention. WaaS helps businesses offer intuitive interfaces that abstract away blockchain complexity—especially important when targeting non-crypto-native users.
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5.3. Designing WaaS for a Better User Experience

WaaS platforms are designed with user experience as a top priority, based on the following principles and approaches:

• Simplified onboarding lowers the barrier to entry.
  Traditional wallets require users to manage seed phrases and backups. Modern WaaS solutions adopt familiar authentication methods such as email login, social login, or biometrics, creating an easy entry point while allowing users to gradually assume more control.
• Social recovery is an innovative solution to the problem of lost private keys.
  Users can designate trusted contacts or institutions to help recover access to their wallet, eliminating reliance on a single seed phrase. This strikes a balance between asset security and accessibility.
• Gas fee abstraction dramatically improves usability.
  Blockchain transaction fees have long been a pain point for users. WaaS platforms now offer gasless transactions or models where the service provider pays the gas fees on behalf of the user, enabling seamless blockchain interaction without requiring users to understand the underlying economics.
• Simplified smart contract interactions further enhance usability.
  Interacting with DeFi, NFTs, and other dApps often requires complex contract calls. WaaS platforms offer intuitive interfaces that abstract these interactions, allowing users to benefit from blockchain services without technical friction.
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5.4. Future Trends and Challenges of WaaS

The WaaS space is evolving rapidly, with several key trends worth noting:

• Account abstraction is one of the most important technical developments.
  This allows smart contract wallets to function as the default account model in blockchains. It enables features like custom authentication logic, automated transactions, and account recovery mechanisms. Ethereum’s EIP-4337 is an example of a protocol-level change supporting this innovation.
• Integration with embedded finance is another important trend.
  WaaS is increasingly expected to act as a bridge between traditional fintech apps and blockchain functionality. Users will be able to manage digital assets within familiar financial interfaces, seamlessly moving between crypto and traditional finance.
• Convergence with Identity-as-a-Service (IDaaS) is also gaining traction.
  Wallets are evolving beyond asset storage to become key components of decentralized identity (DID). WaaS providers are enhancing identity management capabilities, allowing users to securely manage and share personal information and credentials.

That said, WaaS also faces several critical challenges:

• The balance between decentralization and usability remains an ongoing issue.
  Many user-friendly features inevitably involve some level of centralization. This conflicts with blockchain’s principle of self-sovereignty, summarized in the phrase: “Not your keys, not your coins.” WaaS providers must continue to find equilibrium between convenience and decentralization.
• Regulatory uncertainty is a serious risk.
  Wallet services often fall under financial regulation, especially custodial wallets, which are subject to strict oversight. With regulations varying across jurisdictions and evolving quickly, WaaS providers face complex compliance requirements on a global scale.
• Interoperability is another technical and strategic challenge.
  Given the coexistence of various blockchain networks and standards, WaaS providers must offer seamless connectivity across chains. This involves not only technical complexity but also reconciling different security models and governance structures.

Despite these challenges, WaaS is expected to become a key enabler of blockchain mass adoption. As technology evolves and user expectations grow, WaaS providers will play a central role in shaping the future of digital asset management.
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6. Conclusion: The Future of Blockchain-Based SaaS

Various service models that deliver blockchain technology as a service are simplifying technical complexity and enhancing accessibility, thereby driving the mass adoption of blockchain. Service models like BaaS, StaaS, RaaS, and WaaS each play a role in key domains of the blockchain ecosystem—infrastructure, network participation, scalability, and user interface.

The growth of these service models signals that blockchain technology is maturing beyond experimentation and beginning to deliver real business value. They are especially important in enterprise environments, where they lower the barriers to blockchain adoption and expand its applicability across industries such as finance, logistics, and healthcare.

Looking forward, blockchain service models are likely to become more specialized and industry-specific. At the same time, integration and interoperability across services will be enhanced, enabling users to freely combine multiple services into blockchain solutions that meet their specific needs.

However, a major ongoing challenge lies in striking a balance between the core value of decentralization and the centralizing tendencies that arise from service-oriented models. Truly successful blockchain service models must simplify technological complexity without compromising the foundational principles of blockchain—transparency, immutability, and user autonomy.